Fluoride and the Your Environment

Fluoride has been added to the city water, as well as, in the water of many other cities in the state recently. As we all know, it is used not only for daily consumption as a means, we are told, to protect teeth, but, also, for bathing, cooking, lawn and gardening watering, washing cars, etc.

It is said that fluoridation is safe for the environment. However, there are some researchers that have shown otherwise, and  say that it may be well to look into that further.

Wherever there are pristine lakes and rivers in an area where the local city water is fluoridated, there will be run-off into the water-ways. It can't be avoided. Fluoride cannot be filtered out through normal means, and, as a result, has a potential to become accumulative downstream.

Can it then be considered an absolutely safe practice, without a doubt, from an environmental standpoint to have the city water fluoridated in these circumstances? Pros and cons on this subject can be debated "till the cows come home", as the expression goes. However, that is a question that may need to be carefully considered, or, in some cases, reconsidered. 

Where homes and privately owned properties have direct contact with local rivers, lakes, and waterways and where run-off can/could have environmental repercussions, it may be well to do more research. Some studies follow this post that you may find of interest that suggests there is a need to do so.

To a healthy environment,
Donna

Some interesting reports:
See this report by the Sierra Club.
Office of the Auditor of Canada 
More Info & Here

What Do You Really Know about Fluoride?

Let's get a bit technical...

The countdown has ended in our area. Fluoride has been added to our city water supply. 

Fluoride is a word that has become so accepted in the mainstream. For over 60 years fluoride has been mentioned in the media, in commercials, newspapers, and magazines. It is in products in our stores and used in dentists' offices, etc. It has become a household word, so no one questions its use.  

Everyone tells us that it is innocuous or harmless, and beneficial for teeth, so most people never question when this substance is put into the city water supplies in our country.

However, I  have a question for you: 

What is the source of this substance that has been added to water supplies for
over a half century?  Do you know?

Quite simply, the source is the 

Fertilizer-Phosphate Mining Industry. 

This is what was said about it:

By recovering by-product fluorosilicic acid from fertilizer manufacturing, water and air pollution are minimized, and water authorities have a low-cost source of fluoride available to them. (Rebecca Hanmer, EPA, 1983) 

Interesting... 

Fluoride remains today as one of the largest environmental liabilities of the phosphate industry.

Much of the  hydrofluorosilicic acid used throughout North America originates from the state of Florida, while some is, also, imported from overseas such as China which has the most lax regulations and quality control. Ironically, China does not fluoridate their water. They export it to countries like the US. It is a phosphate fertilizer by-product that is is neither food grade or purified.  

The story started early in the last century. In converting phosphate rock into soluble fertilizer, two very toxic fluoride gases were released-hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride. 

These known toxic by-products were once vented from giant chimneys and caused severe, devastating pollution into the air. This became an illegal practice for the manufacturers. It was found to be most harmful to the environment, causing numerous health complaints among the local population. Thousands of cattle suffered severe, crippling fluoride poisoning, and crops, as well as, entire citrus groves were often totally killed off or showed signs of poisoning.

To solve this "pollution problem" which was and would continue to be very costly in penalties, fines, and lawsuits if the practice continued, the phosphate industry installed “wet scrubbers” to those chimneys. These scrubbers trapped the fluoride gases to prevent the mass pollution and contain, or capture, the chemical by-products that formerly were generously spewed into the atmosphere, and into the air and water contaminating acres and acres of land and water ways.(Link)

According to estimates, fluorosilicic acid, some 200,000 tons of silicofluorides which is hydrofluorosilic acid and sodium silicofluoride, is sold to US municipalities every year for water fluoridation. (Copeland & Master 2001)  

To dispose of this approximate 200,000 tons of hazardous waste material, it would cost approx. $7000.00 a ton. Instead, they choose to profit from this substance. 

It is this leftover, collected substance, hydrofluorosilicic acid, that is put into storage tankers, or dried, then sold and shipped to municipal water departments across the country and used in their public water systems. 

Are there other components in this fluoride substance added to your municipality water, as well? YES!  There is no special processing  by the companies to eliminate the other chemicals found naturally in this substance such as mercury, arsenic, lead, and more. 

These chemicals/poisons/pollutants, all of which are illegal to put into the air or waterways of this country, are allowed into the municipal water supplies to be ingested internally and known to accumulate in the body.

As I mentioned before, what is added to our water supply is NOT your toothpaste fluoride-pharmaceutical grade sodium fluoride-found in oral hygiene products that people are accustomed to purchasing. 

State Rep. Barbara Hull Richardson, D-Richmond said of the contaminants in hydrofluosilicic acid:

"To me this is a motherhood-and-apple-pie issue: You don’t want to introduce stuff into the drinking water that is very, very bad. I don’t think fluoridation is good, but at the very least we don’t want to introduce the arsenic and the lead and whatever other bad stuff there is in there."

As a mother and grandmother myself, I understand her concerns. 

Daily fluoridated water is  consumed by individuals of all ages, from babies to the elderly with varied medical histories and lifestyles. The dose is the same for everyone irrespective of different needs and quantities ingested. 

We have put this in an earlier post; however, it seems appropriate to re-enter it here: 

"If this stuff gets out into the air, it’s a pollutant; if it gets into the river, it’s a pollutant; if it gets into the lake it’s a pollutant; but if it goes right into your drinking water system, it’s not a pollutant… 
There’s got to be a better way to manage this stuff."  
~Quote by~ 

William Hirzy, Senior vice president of EPA’s Headquarters Union of Scientists and Professionals made in 2000

On June 29th, 2000, Dr. William Hirzy was invited to give testimony to the U.S. Senate 

Committee on Environment and Public Works, Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, and 

Water on behalf of the National Treasury Employees Union (NTEU) Chapter 280 – 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Headquarters.

At the time, Dr. Hirzy was serving his sixth term as the Senior Vice-President of the

Union. His presentation that day was, “Why EPA’s Union of Professionals Opposes 

Fluoridation.” 

This is a video that documents the presentation  along with interviews with 

Dr. Hirzy where he describes the reasoning behind the professional and 

official stance of his Union members in direct opposition to the 

EPA’s administrative support of fluoridation.- Quote from the You Tube channel -

His report can be read HERE.

Please review our post of  the list of foods compiled by the FDA from 
which we already receive enough fluoride in a daily diet, so much so, 
that even the government agencies show concern.

Question to consider: When something foreign, a known bio-hazard 
substance in an un-purified form, is added to city water with even 
the slightest potential of delivering  lead, mercury, arsenic, and more 
to our families-our children, why "mandate" its use? 

Have a great day,

Donna

Additional Info:

The fluorosilicic acid is technical grade that is sold to municipalities to be 
added to the water supply and not pharmaceutical grade as that which is added 
to tooth paste.

 Interesting research paper can be found here,   

Fluoride and Our Animals

I wrote a post recently on fluoride and our children's health. But what about the animals we love? They are members of our family and drink water, too. We should stop to consider how they might be affected by the addition of fluoride to our water supply.

Below is an excellent video that tells a story about one family's experience with both horses and dogs and fluoridated water. Take the time to watch it. I believe you will find it most interesting.

Have a blessed day,
Stephen



From You Tube:

Uploaded on Jul 25, 2011

Dr. David Kennedy, dentist and researcher, presents an amazing video story of tremendous courage and resolve. Cathy and Wayne Justus of Pagosa Springs, Colorado experience incredible debilitating symptoms in their world class quarter horses and their dogs with seemingly no source or reason. After the death of Cathy's prize horse, the local veterinarian tested for every known possibility for the cause, but could not come up with an explanation. It was not until Dr. Lennart Krook, Professor Emeritus of Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine tested for fluoride toxicity that Wayne and Cathy knew for certain what was killing their horses. They had been poisoned by fluoride in their drinking water.

Because of Cathy's tenacious insistence with the local water department concerning the science of the issue, and because citizens of Pagosa Springs had educated themselves, fluoridation was eventually stopped in their community.

We are very happy to report that Wayne and Cathy's horses and dogs are now living healthy happy lives with no fluoride symptoms whatsoever now that fluoridation has been stopped in Pagosa Springs.

Cathy Justus also writes:

I forgot to mention that on the "Poisoned Horses" DVD, what wasn't explained is why my Palomino gelding, Win, is loping along in the pasture with his head down. If he was out in the pasture for over an hour with his head down eating grass, he physically could not pick his head up for hours from the skeletal damage fluoride did to him.

The links to the published peer reviewed scientific manuscripts and editorials in the journal FLUORIDE The Quarterly Journal of the International Society For Fluoride Research are:

Editorial on horses by Dr. Albert Burgstahler "FAILURE TO DIAGNOSE FLUORIDE POISONING IN HORSES CAUSED BY WATER FLUORIDATION"http://www.fluorideresearch.org/391/f...

1st peer reviewed scientific manuscript on horses by Dr. Lennart P. Krook and Cathy Justus "FLUORIDE POISONING OF HORSES FROM ARTIFICIALLY FLUORIDATED DRINKING WATER" http://www.fluorideresearch.org/391/f...

2nd peer reviewed scientific manuscript on horses by Cathy Justus and Lennart P. Krook "ALLERGY IN HORSES FROM ARTIFICIALLY FLUORIDATED WATER" http://www.fluorideresearch.org/392/f...

3rd peer reviewed scientific manuscript on horses by Pixi Macicek and Dr. Lennart Krook "FLUOROSIS IN HORSES DRINKING ARTIFICIALLY FLUORIDATED WATER" http://www.fluorideresearch.org/413/f...

Editorial on equines by Dr. Bruce Spittle: "FLUORIDE TOXICITY AND DONKEYS" http://www.fluorideresearch.org/431a/...

4th peer reviewed scientific manuscript on equines by S.L Choubisa, Vdaipur, India "OSTEO-DENTAL FLUOROSIS IN DOMESTIC HORSES AND DONKEYS IN RAJASTHAN, INDIA" http://www.fluorideresearch.org/431a/...

The copyright to this video is held by Dr. David Kennedy who has given his gracious permission for us to present it in its entirety. We would also like to thank Cathy and Wayne Justus for their courage and permission to share this video with the world.

This video posting is dedicated to the noble horse. May its descendants live healthy and happy lives. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TwwNZyRVOA

Thank you

Fluoride and Our Children

Advocates for fluoride, talk about the benefits, they believe, it has for teeth. However, one must ask if drinking water that is fluoridated has any other effects on the body? Scientists, bio-chemists, and doctors worldwide are finding that it does, and the effects are not beneficial.

A recently-published Harvard University meta-analysis was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) concluded the following:

Findings from our meta-analyses of 27 studies published over 22 years suggest an inverse association between high fluoride exposure and children's intelligence ... The results suggest that fluoride may be a developmental neurotoxicant that affects brain development at exposures much below those that can cause toxicity in adults ...

In conclusion, our results support the possibility of adverse effects of fluoride exposures on children's neuro-development. Future research should formally evaluate dose-response relations based on individual-level measures of exposure over time, including more precise prenatal exposure assessment and more extensive standardized measures of neuro-behavioral performance...

Regarding fetuses:

Fluoride readily crosses the placenta (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2003). Fluoride exposure to the developing brain, which is much more susceptible to injury caused by toxicants than is the mature brain, may possibly lead to permanent damage (Grandjean and Landrigan 2006). (Dr. Grandjean became Adjunct Professor of Environmental Health at Harvard University in 2003.)

It has been found that "parents reported higher rates of medically-diagnosed ADHD in their children in states in which a greater proportion of people receive fluoridated water from public water supplies. The relationship between fluoride exposure and ADHD warrants future study," in a study done by Ashley J Malin and Christine Till entitled, Exposure to fluoridated water and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States: an ecological association.

Exposures in early life to neurotoxic chemicals can cause a wide range of adverse effects on brain development and maturation that can manifest as functional impairments or disease at any point in the human lifespan.

There are so many other references and studies regarding fluoride and its effects on both children and adults. What all the studies show, though, is that fluoride is not conclusively determined to be harmless. Experts from around the world question it being innocuous which is presently the general consensus.

These are just a few studies to consider especially if your city is getting ready to fluoridate its water supply. Water is something we cannot live without. It is paramount to our very existence.

As reported in one of the leading medical journals, The Lancet Neurology, Vol. 13, Issue 3, March 2014 Edition, fluoride is now listed as a neurotoxin along with lead, chlorpyrifos, methylmercury, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, arsenic, and toluene. Should we tamper with our water supply and add a substance that has been documented and classified as a neurotoxicant if there is no absolute need to do so?

Should a substance be added to municipal water supplies such as fluoride that will not be monitored on an individual basis, but, instead, be administered across the populace without consideration of age or health status? Scientists around the world are telling us that additional research is warranted and studies suggest that potential developmental neurotoxicity of fluoride should be a high research priority! 

A neurotoxin according to the medical dictionary mentioned in my references, is a substance that is poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue.

Just ponder this, if you will...  Your body is over 70% water. So whatever water you and your family ingest on a regular basis will become part of your innermost biological processes. 

To your health and happiness, 
Stephen

Ref: 
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491930/pdf/ehp.1104912.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389999/
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/laneur/PIIS1474-4422(13)70278-3.pdf
neurotoxin. (n.d.) Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. (2003). Retrieved July 13 2015 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/neurotoxin

Changes in Fluoride Regulations-First Time in Over 50 Years: Why? Overexposure!

The government lowered the amount of fluoride needed to 0.7 milligrams of fluoride per liter of water instead of the long-standing range of 0.7 to 1.2 milligrams. This is the first time in over 5 decades! Why?

According to Dr. Boris Lushniak, Deputy Surgeon General, "The change is recommended because now Americans have access to more sources of fluoride, such as toothpaste and mouth rinses, than they did when fluoridation was first introduced in the United States."

As a result, it has been found that Americans are frequently getting too much fluoride. This is causing an increase in the condition known as fluorosis which causes very faint white marks on people's teeth. However, many experts around world express a concern that other health issues can result and that the new standard may not go far enough.

Evidence of overexposure, they say, may, also,  have an effect on cases of thyroid problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,  lower IQs, etc.

 Dr. Philippe Grandjean who, in 2003, became the Adjunct Professor of Environmental Health at Harvard University, which is just one of his numerous impressive academic credentials, said:

"Due to the importance of having the best possible brains in the future, I think that that would suggest that we be careful about the amount of fluoride that we deliver to the population in drinking water." 

Since fluoride is so readily available, many experts feel that people should be able to decide whether to have fluoride added into their water or not for it is in everything from baby food to wine.

A blog post that can be found HERE, shows you how much fluoride we are already getting on a daily basis. Take a look at the post: It is amazing what foods already contain fluoride.

The following video explains the problem of giving the same amount of fluoride in the city water to everyone without taking into the consideration age, weight, activity, medical history, etc., of an individual.

To your health,
Stephen




Ref. http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/04/27/402579949/feds-say-its-time-to-cut-back-on-fluoride-in-drinking-water

Rejections of Fluoride

Hi,

Hope you are having a blessed day.

Many cities have rejected fluoride and actually won the vote against it. Our city did, as did three other Arkansas municipalities. However, very soon we are to have fluoride added despite the people's vote since the state is mandating it. Although one, Ashdown, may be exempt from having to fluoridate since their population appears to be under 5000. The original Arkansas fluoridation mandate was for cities with populations above 5000.

Here is a list of some of the cities who have rejected fluoride. The Arkansas cities are on this list.

Thank you for visiting. It is appreciated...
Stephen

Interesting quote:
"If this stuff (hydrofluorosilicic acid) gets into the air, it's a pollutant; if it gets into the river, it's a pollutant; if it gets into the lake, it's a pollutant; but if it goes right straight into your drinking water system, it's not a pollutant. That 's amazing." ~ Dr. J. William Hirzy (2000) Senior Chemist at the U.S. EPA Headquarters

Communities which have Rejected Fluoridation Since 1990

Compiled by Fluoride Action Network

(With the help of Merilyn Hanes and Maureen Jones)
Note: In the following list, the Arkansas cities are now fluoridated which was mandatedby the state government. The vote against fluoridation was ignored.

Community, Population, Date Hamilton, New Zealand 145,600 June 5, 2013 Portland, Oregon 900,000 May 21, 2013 Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia 61,700 May 14, 2013 Kenton, Tennessee 1,525 May 8, 2013 Southwest Harbor, Maine 2,000 May 7, 2013 Innisfail, Queensland, Australia 1,075 April 23, 2013 Whitsunday Regional Council, Queensland,...  Australia 37,000 April 9, 2013 Au Gres, Michigan 890 March 2013 Charters Towers, Queensland, Australia 9,573 March 2013 Tyrone, Pennsylvania 5,500 March 2013 Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia 2,800 February 25, 2013 Olivehurst, California 14,000 February 22, 2013 Plumas Lake, California...  (affected by decision of the Olivehurt Public Utility)-- 6,000 February 22, 2013 Smithville, Missouri 8,500 February 22, 2013 Fraser Coast, Queensland, Australia...  102,000 February 21, 2013 Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia...  (Fraser Coast) February 21, 2013 Maryborough, Queensland, Australia...  (Fraser Coast) February 21, 2013 Tiaro, Queensland, Australia...  (Fraser Coast) February 21, 2013 Burdekin, Queensland, Australia...  18,192 (2006 estimate) February 12, 2013 Ayr, Queensland, Australia...  (Burdekin area) 9,000 February 12, 2013 Home Hill, Queensland, Australia... (Burdekin area) 3,050 February 12, 2013 Brandon, Queensland, Australia...  (Burdekin area) 900 February 12, 2013 Bundaberg region, Queensland,...  Australia 100,000 February 12, 2013 Bargara, Queensland, Australia...  (Bundaberg region) 7,000 February 12, 2013 Childers, Queensland, Australia...  (Bundaberg region) 1,700 February 12, 2013 Gin Gin, Queensland, Australia...  (Bundaberg region) 2,000 February 12, 2013 St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin 2,126 February 2013 Balsam Lake, Wisconsin 1,000 February 4, 2013 Cairns, Queensland, Australia 153,000 January 29, 2013 Mossman, Queensland, Australia (Cairns area) 1,740 January 29, 2013 Port Douglas, Queensland,...  Australia (Cairns area) 3,200 January 29, 2013 Windsor, Ontario, Canada...  279,000 January 28, 2013 La Salle, Ontario, Canada...  (affected by Windsor vote) 29,000 January 28, 2013 Tecumseh, Ontario, Canada...  (affected by Windsor vote) 24,000 January 28, 2013 Doomadgee Aboriginal Council 1,300 January 2013 Biggenden, Queensland, Australia...  (North Burnett area) 690 January 2013 Eidsvold, Queensland, Australia...  (North Burnett area) 630 January 2013 Gayndah, Queensland, Australia...  (North Burnett area) 1,800 January 2013 Monto, Queensland, Australia...  (North Burnett area) 1,300 January 2013 Mount Perry, Queensland, Australia...  (North Burnett area) 500 January 2013 Mundubbera, Queensland, Australia...  (North Burnett area) 1,050 January 2013 South Burnett, Queensland, Australia 28,191 January 2013 Blackbutt, Queensland, Australia...  (South Burnett) 1,055 January 2013 Nanango, Queensland, Australia....  (South Burnett) 3,083 January 2013 Kingaroy, Queensland, Australia...  (South Burnett) 7,620 January 2013 Wondai, Queensland, Australia...  (South Burnett) 1,402 January 2013 Murgon, Queensland, Australia...  (South Burnett) 2,131 January 2013 Pine Island, Florida 13,000 water customers December 11, 2012 Atherton, Queensland, Australia...  (Tablelands Regional Council) 7,300 December 2012 Mareeba, Queensland, Australia...  (Tablelands Regional Council) 10,200 December 2012 Kuranda, Queensland, Australia/...  (Tablelands Regional Council) 3,000 December 2012 Malanda, Queensland, Australia...  (Tablelands Regional Council) 2,100 December 2012 Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Canada 8,133 December 2012 Milton, Florida 7,000 November 2012 Romulus, New York 400 November 2012 Wichita, Kansas 385,000 November 6, 2012 Harvard, Nebraska 1,000 November 6, 2012 Crescent City, California 14,000 November 6, 2012 Pulaski, New York 2,367 October, 2012 Lake View, Iowa 1,300 October 19, 2012 Cassadaga and Lily Dale, New York 900 October 17, 2012 Waipukurau, New Zealand 4,000 September 28, 2012 Orillia, Ontario, Canada 40,000 July 17, 2012 Cunnamulla, Queensland, Australia 1,217 August 9, 2012 Rosetown, Saskatchewan 2,300 July 16, 2012 Santa Fe, New Mexico 68,642 July 11, 2012 Argos, Indiana 1,700 June 6, 2012 Walkerton, Indiana 2,200 Spring 2012 North Liberty, Indiana 2,000 Spring 2012 Lakeville, Indiana 800 Spring 2012 Bassett, Nebraska 600 May 15, 2011 Palisades, Colorado 3,000 May 15, 2012 Pevely, Missouri 6,000 May 1, 2012 Okotoks, Alberta, Canada 25,000 April 23, 2012 Curacao 140,000 April 22, 2012 Albequerque, New Mexico 500,000 April 11, 2012 West Manheim, Pennsylvania 8,000 April 8, 2012 Bourbon, Indiana 2,000 March 20, 2012 Amherstburg, Ontario, Canada 20,000 February 7, 2012 Bolivar, Missouri 11,000 February 7, 2012 Myerstown, Pennsylvania 3,500 January 13, 2012 Hartland Township, Michigan 14,800 December 20, 2011 Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada 140,000 December 19, 2011 Dieppe, New Brunswick, Canada 20,000 December 12, 2011 Grantsburg, Wisconsin 1,300 December 12, 2011 Lake Cowichan, British Columbia, Canada 3,000 November 19, 2011 Williams Lake, British Columbia, Canada 11,200 November 19, 2011 Amesbury, Massachusetts 16,500 November 8, 2011 Lakeshore, Ontario, Canada 33,000 October 31, 2011 Lawrenceburg, Tennessee 11,000 October 18, 2011 Churchill, Manitoba, Canada 1,000 October 18, 2011 New Plymouth, New Zealand 50,000 October 13, 2011 Palmer, Alaska 8,400 October 11, 2011 Welsh, Louisiana 3,500 October 4, 2011 Spencer, Indiana /BPP Water 10,500 September 30, 2011 College Station, Texas 100,000 September 22, 2011 Slave Lake, Alberta, Canada 7,000 September 12, 2011 Hohenwald, Tennessee 4,000 September 6, 2011 Pottstown, Pennsylvania 15,500 August 16, 2011 Spring Hill, Tennessee 30,000 August 15, 2011 Taber, Alberta, Canada 6,500 July 20, 2011 Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada 5,000 July 4, 2011 Taumarunui, New Zealand 5,000 June 30, 2011 Fairbanks, Alaska 80,000 June 6, 2011 Naples Village, New York 1,070 May 18, 2011 Mount Clemens, Michigan 17,300 May 16, 2011 Holmen, Wisconsin 6,200 April 27, 2011 Lago Vista, Texas 6,500 April 21, 2011 Mechanicsville, Iowa 1,200 April 17, 2011 Marcellus, Michigan 1,100 March 17, 2011 Independence, Virginia 1,000 February 16, 2011 Calgary, Alberta, Canada 1,300,000 February 8, 2011 Yellow Springs, Ohio 3,200 February 7, 2011 Verchères, Québec, Canada 5,240 February 7, 2011 Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania 5,500...  January 19, 2011 (First announced Feb 4, 2010) Sparta, North Carolina 2,000 November 15, 2010 Tellico, Tennessee 900 November 4, 2010 Athabasca, Alberta, Canada 2,600 November 1, 2010 Waterloo, St. Jacobs and Elmira, Ontario,....  Canada 103,000 October 25, 2010 O’Fallon, Missouri 80,000 October 5, 2010 Red Bay, Alabama 5,000 September 15, 2010 Napa, California 78,000 August 17, 2010 Sandpoint, Idaho 7,500 July 24, 2010 Kaikohe, New Zealand 4,000 May 17, 2010 Kaitaia, New Zealand 5,500 May 17, 2010 Crete, Nebraska 7,000 May 11, 2010 Dakota City, Nebraska 2,000 May 11, 2010 Franklin County, Nebraska 3,500 May 11, 2010 Norfolk, Nebraska 25,000 May 11, 2010 Wahoo, Nebraska 4,500 May 11, 2010 Gatineau, Québec, Canada 266,000 May 5, 2010 Schuylkill Haven Borough, Pennsylvania....  5,000 February 4, 2010 Xenia, Ohio 25,900 December 16, 2009 Beacon, New York 15,500 December 7, 2009 Amery, Wisconsin (Decision reversed in 2010)...  2,800 November 30, 2009 Wisner, Nebraska 1,100 November 10, 2009 Yutan, Nebraska 1,190 November 10, 2009 Humboldt, Kansas 1,940 September 22, 2009 Wakefield, Nebraska 1,400 September 15, 2009 Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada 108,359 July 21, 2009 Plainfield, Vermont (voted to remove fluoride)...  1,333 March 3, 2009 Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin (for the 2nd time)...  13,661 February 17, 2009 Skagit County, Washington 116,900 February 10, 2009 Big Canoe, Georgia 23,181 January 8, 2009 Cranberry Portage, Manitoba, Canada 615 January 1, 2009 Drayton Valley, Alberta, Canada 7,000 December 31, 2008 Test Valley Borough Council (UK) November 13, 2008 Jackman, Maine 690 November 4, 2008 Moose River, Maine 200 November 4, 2008 Corning, New York 11,000 November 4, 2008 Ainsworth, Nebraska 1,700 November 4, 2008 Aurora, Nebraska 4,400 November 4, 2008 Battle Creek, Nebraska 1,200 November 4, 2008 Bayard, Nebraska 1,200 November 4, 2008 Beatrice, Nebraska 12,400 November 4, 2008 Bridgeport, Nebraska 1,500 November 4, 2008 Broken Bow, Nebraska 3,500 November 4, 2008 Cambridge, Nebraska 1,060 November 4, 2008 Central City, Nebraska 2,900 November 4, 2008 Chadron, Nebraska 5,800 November 4, 2008 Cozad, Nebraska 3,900 November 4, 2008 Crawford, Nebraska 990 November 4, 2008 David City, Nebraska 2,900 November 4, 2008 Eagle, Nebraska 1,000 November 4, 2008 Friend, Nebraska 1,000 November 4, 2008 Geneva, Nebraska 2,200 November 4, 2008 Gothenburg, Nebraska 3,500 November 4, 2008 Grand Island, Nebraska 48,500 November 4, 2008 Grant, Nebraska 1,160 November 4, 2008 Hastings, Nebraska 24,900 November 4, 2008 Hebron, Nebraska 1,500 November 4, 2008 Imperial, Nebraska 2,070 November 4, 2008 Kimball, Nebraska 2,400 November 4, 2008 Lexington, Nebraska 10,200 November 4, 2008 Madison, Nebraska 2,400 November 4, 2008 Milford, Nebraska 2,090 November 4, 2008 Mitchell, Nebraska 1,700 November 4, 2008 North Platte, Nebraska 24,700 November 4, 2008 Ord, Nebraska 2,100 November 4, 2008 Pawnee City, Nebraska 870 November 4, 2008 Pierce, Nebraska 1,700 November 4, 2008 Plainview, Nebraska 1,200 November 4, 2008 Ravenna, Nebraska 1,300 November 4, 2008 Schuyler, Nebraska 6,200 November 4, 2008 Scottsbluff, Nebraska 15,000 November 4, 2008 Shelton, Nebraska 1,050 November 4, 2008 Sidney, Nebraska 6,750 November 4, 2008 St. Paul, Nebraska 2,290 November 4, 2008 Stanton, Nebraska 1,570 November 4, 2008 Stromsburg, Nebraska 1,170 November 4, 2008 Sutherland, Nebraska 1,280 November 4, 2008 Sutton, Nebraska 1,500 November 4, 2008 Tekamah, Nebraska 1,730 November 4, 2008 Valentine, Nebraska 2,700 November 4, 2008 Weeping Water, Nebraska 1,050 November 4, 2008 Wilber, Nebraska 1,800 November 4, 2008 Wood River, Nebraska 1,300 November 4, 2008 Wymore, Nebraska 1,400 November 4, 2008 York, Nebraska 7,700 November 4, 2008 Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 5,900 November 4, 2008 Hyndburn, Lancashire, England 80,000 September 23, 2008 Pendle, Lancashire, England 90,000 September 18, 2008 Alamo Heights, Texas 7,470 September 8, 2008 Earnslceugh/Manuherikia, New Zealand September 8, 2008 Alexandra, New Zealand 4,850 September 8, 2008 Cromwell, New Zealand 4,000 August 18, 2008 Isle of Man 84,000 June 12, 2008 Elba, New York 2,370 June 4, 2008 Littleton, Massachusetts 8,900 May 10, 2008 Yarmouth, Massachusetts 25,000 May 6, 2008 Dryden, Ontario, Canada 7,600 April 2008 Quebec City, Canada (after 36 years of fluoridation)...  765,000 April 1, 2008 Welland, Pelham, and parts of Thorold,...  Ontario, Canada February 2008 Poughkeepsie, New York 32,700 February 2008 Manila, Humboldt County, Calfornia February 2008 Elgin City Council, Texas November 2007 Waitaki District Council, New Zealand October 2007 Juneau, Alaska 31,000 October 2007 O’Connor UD, Sparta, White County,...  Georgia August 8, 2008 Quebeck Walling UD, Sparta, White County,...  Georgia August 8, 2008 Cobleskill Village, Schoharie County, New York... (Decision reversed in 2009) August 2007 Marshall County BUP#1, Lewisburg, Marshall County,... Georgia July 27, 2008 Rotherham, Yorkshire, UK 117,300 June 2007 Conewango Township, Pennsylvania 4,000 May 2008 Glade Township, Pennsylvania 2,500 May 2008 Mead Township, Pennsylvania 1,560 May 2008 Pleasant Township, Pennsylvania 2,600 May 2008 Big Creek Utility District, Grundy County,... Georgia May 7, 2008 Cagle-Fredonia Utility District, Big Creek,... Sequatchie, Georgia May 7, 2008 Altoona, Pennsylvania 46,000 May 2008 Beach Haven, New Jersey 1,170 April 2007 Sulphur Rock, Arkansas 450 April 2007 LaGuardo UD, Lebanon, Wilson County, Georgia May 20, 2008 Mt Desert Water District, Maine March 5, 2007 Martin County, Florida December 19, 2006 Juneau, Alaska 31,000 December 11, 2006 Central Bridge Water District, New York November 21, 2006 Ashland, Oregon (Decision reversed in 2008) 20,000 November 21, 2006 Lenapah, Oklahoma 290 November 21, 2006 Page, Arizona 7,000 November 7, 2006 Lincoln, Maine 5,225 November 7, 2006 Rockford, Iowa 800 January 12, 2006 Golden, British Columbia, Canada 3,500 November 19, 2005 Lafayette, Tennessee 4,000 November 9, 2005 Bellingham, Washington State 80,500 November 8, 2005 Springfield, Ohio 60,000 November 8, 2005 Xenia, Ohio 25,000 November 8, 2005 Tooele, Utah 25,000 November 8, 2005 Mammoth Lakes, California 7,500 November 8, 2005 Homer, New York 6,000 November 1, 2005 Hood River, Oregon 7,000 May 2005 Neosho, Missouri 11,000 April 5, 2005 Pagosa Springs, Colorado 1,600 March 2005 Snohomish, Washington State 9,000 January 2005 Lancaster, Ohio 38,000 November 2, 2004 Hutchinson, Kansas 38,000 November 2, 2004 Clarksdale, Mississippi 21,000 October 25, 2004 Milton, Washington State 6,800 September 20, 2004 Telluride, Colorado 2,300 September 2004 Sumner, Washington State 9,000 August 2, 2004 South Blount Water District, Tennessee June 2004 Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin (Rejected again in 2009)... 13,000 April 2004 Honolulu, Hawaii 300,000 January 28, 2004 Lancaster, Ohio 38,000 January 12, 2004 Burns Lake, British Columbia, Canada 2,000 June 25, 2003 Dutton-Dunwich, Ontario, Canada 3,000 June 2003 West Elgin, Ontario, Canada 5,400 June 2003 Sequim, Washington State 6,000 May 7, 2003 York, Nebraska May 6, 2003 Columbiana, Alabama 4,000 May 2003 Canton, New York 6,000 February 18, 2003 Shaler, Pennsylvania February 11, 2003 Billings, Montana 105,000 November 5, 2002 Kalispell, Montana 18,000 November 5, 2002 Washoe County, Nevada November 5, 2002 Methuen, Massachusetts 47,000 November 5, 2002 Redding, California 88,000 November 5, 2002 Watsonville, California 50,000 November 5, 2002 Texarkana, Arkansas 31,660 November 5, 2002 Ashdown, Arkansas 5,150 November 5, 2002 Oneida, New York August 6, 2002 Franklin, North Carolina May 2002 Plainville, Massachusetts April 1, 2002 Monroe, Louisiana February 26, 2002 Colorado Springs, Colorado January 16, 2002 Kennewick, Washington January 15, 2002 Bennington, Vermont January 8, 2002 Lanai, Hawaii January 2002 Cobalt, Ontario, Canada December 11, 2001 Modesto, California November 7, 2001 Worcester, Massachusetts November 7, 2001 Flagstaff, Arizona November 7, 2001 Sutherlin, Oregon November 7, 2001 Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada October 13, 2001 White Salmon, Washington September 2001 Goldendale, Washington September 2001 Bishopville, South Carolina June 2001 Harper, Kansas May 31, 2001 Brewster, Massachusetts May 15, 2001 McPherson, Kansas April 3, 2001 Norridgewock, Maine May 5, 2001 Blue River, Wisconsin February 2001 Willamina, Oregon January 2001 Ithaca, New York November 7, 2000 Spokane, Washington November 7, 2000 Brattleboro, Vermont November 7, 2000 East Wenatchee, Washington November 7, 2000 Shawano, Wisconsin November 7, 2000 Nibly City, Utah November 7, 2000 Hyrum City, Utah November 7, 2000 Providence City, Utah November 7, 2000 Smithfield City, Utah November 7, 2000 Logan City, Utah November 7, 2000 River Heights, Utah November 7, 2000 Pequannock, New Jersey November 7, 2000 Ozark, Missouri November 7, 2000 Wooster, Ohio November 7, 2000 Squamish, British Columbia, Canada October 16, 2000 Woodside, California September 2000 Ste. Genevieve, Missouri August 8, 2000 Winfield, Kansas March 6, 2000 Wilmington, Massachusetts February 15, 2000 Santa Barbara, California November 23, 1999 Johnstown, New York November 19, 1999 Wichita, Kansas October 26, 1999 Boca Raton, Florida October 25, 1999 El Carjon, California April 27, 1999 Helix Water District, California April 7, 1999 Lakeside Water District, California April 6, 1999 Hutchinson, Kansas March 30, 1999 Riverview Water District, California March 24, 1999 La Mesa, California March 9, 1999 Santa Cruz, California March 4, 1999 … banned Bremerton, Washington February 2, 1999 Olympia, Washington December 15, 1999 Seward, Nebraska November 3, 1998 Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada July 28, 1998… quit after 30 years Grand Island, Nebraska May 13, 1998… quit Norfolk, Nebraska May 13, 1998 North Platte, Nebraska May 13, 1998 Washington, Missouri April 7, 1998 Kitmat, British Columbia, Canada March 1998… quit Hot Springs, Arkansas February 1998 Ridgefield, Oregon December 22, 1997 Largo, Florida July 15, 1997 Clearwater, Florida July 15, 1997 North Redington Beach, Florida July 15, 1997 Amsterdam, New York May 21, 1997 Suisun City, California May 1, 1997 Yardly, Pennsylvania April 16, 1997 Village of Orfordville, Wisconsin December 9, 1996 Western Nassau County, New York November 21, 1996… quit after 23 years Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada November 16, 1996… quit after 42 years Gothenberg, Nebraska December 1996 Bloomer, Wisconsin November 6, 1996 Kodiak, Alaska July 12, 1996 Carle Place, New York February 1, 1996… quit Winter Springs, Florida January 10, 1996 Pasco, Florida December 14, 1995 York, Pennsylvania July 29, 1995 Thurmont, Maryland February 3, 1994 Albany, New York December 8, 1994 Middletown, Maryland November 1993… quit Barnstable (Cape Cod), Massachusetts November 4, 1993 Wagoner, Oklahoma June 17, 1993 Redwood Valley, California February 6, 1993 Los Altos Hills (Purissima) California 1993 Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada April 1993… quit after 33 years Port Hardy, British Columbia, Canada November 1993… quit after 19 years Squamish, British Columbia, Canada November 1993… quit after 20 years Fort Smith, Arkansas November 3, 1992 Milltown, Wisconsin October 17, 1992 Bellingham, Washington May 19, 1992 Comox/Courtenay, British Columbia, Canada February 1992 Palm Beach County, Florida (Note: Parts of the county are fluoridated)-- October 22, 1991 Ketchikan, Alaska October 2, 1991 Suffolk County, New York August 15, 1991 Davis, California December 14, 1990… 5th rejection Morgan Hill, California March 7, 1990… quit